While on his . One wrong move and youd be drinking your last illicit cocktail. Havana. Soon he expanded into illegal gambling, clashing with rival gangsters Legs Diamond and Vincent Coll. In the bloody gang war that followed, Coll lost his older brother Pete and earned the nickname "Mad Dog" from the press after a child was killed during a botched assassination attempt committed by his gang. One of the untold stories in Yonkers is the tale of legendary mobster Dutch Schultz and his connection to Yonkers. Dutch Schultz (born Arthur Simon Flegenheimer; August 6, 1901 October 24, 1935) was an American mobster. Still Schultz's legacy lives on, in the form of a largely unsourced Wikipedia page and in Dutch's Spirits, a local, "farm-to-bottle" distiller that's thriving in part because of the law . * He left his school when he was in the eighth grade to support his mother. #7. Honor Society. He was a famous name in the crime world and earn his fortune from it. Schultz is believed to have ordered the killing of Diamond's associate Arnold Rothstein in retaliation, and Diamond himself met a bitter end in 1931, reportedly at the hands of one of Schultz's thugs. He served time at Blackwell's Island for one year and was released. A foggy winter afternoon on the Delaware River (Photo Credit: Erik Freeland/Corbis via Getty Images). But the story of his treasure is open ended. Some of Schultz's last words were: - A boy has never weptnor dashed a thousand kin., - You can play jacks, and girls do that with a soft ball and do tricks with it., - Oh, Oh, dog Biscuit, and when he is happy he doesnt get snappy.. The notes covered a period from about 4 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 24, until Schultz died later that night. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! Steve Palace is a writer, journalist and comedian from the UK. This strategy ensured that Schultz always controlled which numbers won, guaranteeing a larger number of losers in Harlem and a multimillion-dollar-a-month tax-free income for Schultz. It had to mean something., Dutch Shultz Flegenheim, (R) and his lawyer, J. Richard Dixie Davis, are pictured here in court where he met with a weeks delay on his fight against removal from Albany to New York for trial. According to some sources, he was married to a woman called Frances Flegenheimer. In 1930, one of Schultz's enforcers, Vincent Coll, demanded to be made an equal partner. Luciano argued that a Dewey assassination would precipitate a massive law enforcement crackdown. Newark, New Jersey: Left to right, Officer Mills and Police Chief Harris at the scene of the Dutch Schultz shooting in Palace Bar and Grill. Living in the ninth floor apartment of the swanky Fifth Avenue building, Dutch Schultz was known to the doormen as Russell Jones. For more than 30 years, Bumpy Johnson was famous for being one of New York City's most revered and feared crime bosses. The notorious New York City gangster Dutch Schultz is believed to have hidden a treasure of more than $50 million dollars somewhere in upstate New York. Arthur Flegenheimer, who will go on to become one of New York's most feared criminals under the name "Dutch Schultz," is born in the Bronx. The house on North Street in Newburgh likely had a similar reason for the fountain's presence, which was connected to a former homeowner named Dominick Petrilli, a mob associate of the notorious Dutch Schultz. His real name was Arthur Simon Flegenheimer, and his parents were German Jewish immigrants, Emma and Herman Flegenheimer. He extorted money from local unions and this paved the way for his gambling operations at casinos. In a half-delirious state, he uttered . No apparent attempt was made on the life of Irish-American mobster John M. Dunn, who later became the brother-in-law of mobster Edward J. McGrath and a powerful member of the Hell's Kitchen Irish mob. Schultz was shot by his enemies at a Newark, N.J., restaurant, and was taken to a nearby hospital. Although George "Hump" McManus supposedly killed Rothstein over a bad gambling debt, Schultz is believed to have ordered the killing in retribution for Noe's death. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He reportedly had other wives as well. Luciano explained to Schultz that they were just "looking after the shop" while he was away to ensure that everything ran smoothly and that full control of his rackets would be returned to Schultz once the heat died down. He is buried in a Catholic cemetery in New York City as he had converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before his death. Diamond was rushed to the Polyclinic Hospital in Manhattan, where he eventually recovered. Jack Diamond was born July 10, 1897, in Philadelphia to Irish immigrant parents. Gangsters hired the infamous group Murder Inc. to carry out a hit on Schultz on Oct. 23, 1935. Dutch Schultz, a.k.a. Although the police were unable to extract anything coherent from Schultz, his rambling was fully transcribed by a police stenographer. Schultz and Rosenkrantz then drove the safe to an undisclosed location somewhere in upstate New York and buried it. Around this time, Schultz continued to grow his illicit enterprises, adding illegal gambling to his portfolio of profitable crimes. By this point, the federal government began to pursue Schultz. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The numbers racket, the forerunner of "Pick 3" lotteries, required players to choose three numbers, which were then derived from the last number before the decimal in the handle (total amount bet) taken daily at Belmont Park. Two gunmen forced their way into Diamond's room and shot him five times before fleeing. Schultz often rode shotgun to guard the trucks from hijackers. After a life of murder, bootlegging, and illegal gambling, Schultz was killed by opposing gang members in 1935, taking the location of his money with him to the grave. Dutch Schultz Died A Millionaire, But Where Did All His Money Go? Upon hearing the news, the Commission held a discreet meeting to discuss the matter. Weiss jumped into the getaway car and ordered the driver to abandon Workman. Schultz took the secret to his grave. This spooked his crew, who finally shot Schultz at the Palace Chop House in Newark. Dutch Schultzs grave in upstate New York. Dutch Schultz was born Arthur Flegenheimer, Despite of the nickname "Dutch" Arthur Flegenheimer was a German Jew. Schultz was killed by members of the notorious hit squad "Murder, Inc." in 1935. New York special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey took a special interest in Dutch's case and wanted to put him behind bars for his illicit business. A recent documentary "Secrets of the Dead-Gangster Gold" aired on PBS this month and is avaailable on demand. Dutch worked at a local night club that was owned by a small-time mobster. Schultz's last words were a strange stream-of-consciousness babble spoken in his hospital bed to police officers who attempted to calm him and question him for useful information. Arthur Simon Flegenheimer was born on August 6, 1902 in the Bronx. The lucrative operation expanded from the Catskill Mountains and the Bronx to Manhattan, where territorial conflicts with other gangs embroiled Schultz in several gang feuds, all of which he successfully overcame. 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In the 1910 census, Emma was listed as divorced as Herman had abandoned the family. During the 1930s, the two were embroiled in a vicious gang war, which led a number of men dead in both camps. After the Volstead Act was passed in 1919, Dutch Schultz established . If a rattling or jangling noise was heard, it wasnt surprising. But all of his time on trial had affected his business. Dutch Schultz (born Arthur Simon Flegenheimer; August 6, 1901 - October 24, 1935) was an American mobster.Based in New York City in the 1920s and 1930s, he made his fortune in organized crime-related activities, including bootlegging and the numbers racket.Weakened by two tax evasion trials led by prosecutor Thomas Dewey, Schultz's rackets were also threatened by fellow mobster Lucky Luciano. At the height of his empire, Schultz brought in $54,126 of profit per month, or $780,000 in contemporary money. Hoodlum: Directed by Bill Duke. Past Factory describes what was inside. Arthur Flegenheimer (Dutch Schultz) Part 3 of 5 . Many believe it is real, and that it is buried somewhere in the tiny, majestic town of Phoenicia, New York. Still in his pajamas, Diamond staggered into the hallway and collapsed. In the 1930s he was targeted by both the IRS and special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey. The site is now the parking lot. The above 'last words' might offer clues that he did indeed bury his millions in the small town of Phoenicia, New York, where it might remain today to find. Dutch Schultzs reputation preceded him from this point onward. Now, Dutch Schultz turned his ire away from rival gangs and blamed Dewey for his business downturn as he awaited trial for tax evasion. This was because Schultz gang members received a flat salary instead of the customary percentage from the takea unique arrangement compared to other major gangs in organized crime. Ch. He would face retrial in Malone, New York. At 2:20am, Otto Berman, the oldest and least physically fit of the four men, was the first to die. Noe was impressed with Schultz's ruthlessness and reputation for brutality when he lost his temper, and he made him a partner. His parents married in Manhattan on November 10, 1900. Dutch Schultz. All in the same quick motion he swung it up, stuck it in Jules Martin's mouth and pulled the trigger. How a Dancer and Singer Helped Save Radio City from Demolition, Explore Powerful Contemporary Art at NYCs Heller Museum. Once out of prison, Schultz connected with organized crime bosses Lucky Luciano and Legs Diamond. More from us: Hidden Treasure Chest Worth $1 Million Found Deep in the Rockies. Schultz's enemies are said to have spent the remainder of their lives searching for the safe. He was killed by Murder, Inc. members Charles Workman and Mendy Weiss. At the meeting, at which chief enforcer Bo Weinberg and mob lawyer Dixie Davis were also present, Martin belligerently denied Schultz's charges and began arguing with him. Crow Dutch Schultz, born as Arthur Flegenheimer, was a fearsome mobster in the early 20th century who made a career bootlegging alcohol during prohibition, extortion and organizing numbers rackets. [19] The building that housed the Palace Chop House was torn down in 2008.[20]. Infamous bootlegger Dutch Schultz reportedly hid around $8 million somewhere in upstate New York, but it has continued to elude treasure hunters for 85 years. This led to territorial disputes with Italian gangsters, and Schultz took a pragmatic approach to running business. After Dutch Schultz was gunned down, Dixie Davis fell on hard financial times and needed money to move to California. However, Live Science quotes another of his statements: Get you onions up, and we will throw up the truce flag. Dutch Schultz (born Arthur Simon Flegenheimer; August 6, 1901 - October 24, 1935) was an American mobster. When Schultz refused, Coll formed his own crew with the ultimate goal of murdering Schultz and taking over his territory. He also put the squeeze on restaurants pay up or wind up on the menu. (918) 682-3489; rich.schaus@grmmuskogee.org; 323 Callahan Muskogee, OK 74401 In 2002 Dutch filmmaker Gerrit van Dijk produced a 22-minute version of the script combining live action and pencil-drawn animation. You get ahead with the dot dash system didn't I speak that time last night. The deal that Weinberg wanted was to retain a percentage and keep overall control of the Schultz gang. Gangster Dutch Schultz built up a criminal network that included bootlegging, illegal gambling and murder. They headed to Catskill, New York. Retaliation started a few weeks later when Arnold Rothstein, a kingpin in the Jewish mob, was found fatally shot near the service entrance to the Park Central Hotel on November 6, 1928. A portrait of Dutch Schulz from the Library of Congress. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Idaho Murders: What Led Police to Bryan Kohberger, Adnan Syed: A Complete Timeline of His Trial, Appeal and Killing of Hae Min Lee. [10] On December 30, 1930, Diamond was discharged from Polyclinic. (Photo Credit: Bettmann/Contributor). Both men were drinking heavily as the argument continued, and Schultz sucker-punched Martin. With control over police protection and influence at City Hall, Shultz and his allies in the Mafia eventually dominated the Harlem numbers rackets. Treasure hunters come to the town looking for the booty, which has yet to be found. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Rosenkrantz called for an ambulance before he lost consciousness. [8] Although seriously wounded, he managed to return fire. In his 1960 anthology Parodies, Dwight Macdonald presents Schultz's last words as a parody of Gertrude Stein. When asked later by the New York Police Commissioner how he managed to walk out of the room, Diamond said he drank two shots of whiskey first. As he lay dying from bullet wounds on a hospital bed, Schultz uttered strange thoughts that were incomprehensible to the police who were hoping to get information from him. I went through basic training, Coast Artillery, and I ultimately was transferred to a Coast Artillery Battalion in Fort Bliss Texas. Dutch was shot at 10:20 p.m., October 23, 1935. He muttered a mostly incomprehensible statement to the police, but he refused to name his murderers. Dutch was shot once, below the heart, while he was in the restroom. This led Flegenheimer to start associating with known criminals. Schultz reportedly wanted to bury his ill-gotten gains in a place no one would ever find it. He stood trial twice for tax evasion, but two juries could not convict him. Abe Landau died of exsanguination at 6am. Jun 19, 2021. But that is what happened in Malone in the spring and summer of 1935. His parents were both German Jews. In 1928, an unknown gunman shot Noe in the street. In the mid 1920s, Schultz had begun work as a bouncer at the Hub Social Club, a small speakeasy in the Bronx owned by a gangster named Joey Noe. Dutch Schultz. [6] He proved to be such an unmanageable prisoner that he was transferred to a work farm in Westhampton, Long Island. They come across an abandoned still in the woods, exactly where the map has located it to be, an abandoned house believed to have been a hideout for Dutchs gang, and try to break down bricked up hidden tunnels in their quest. ut of fear, resulting in his acquittal but Dewey, a successful lawyer and the future governor of New York, continued to pursue Schultz. Astrological Sign: Leo, Death Year: 1935, Death date: October 24, 1935, Death State: New Jersey, Death City: Newark, Death Country: United States, Article Title: Dutch Schultz Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/crime/dutch-schultz, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: August 10, 2020, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/dutch-schultz-10215.php. Dutch Schultz was born as Arthur Flegenheimer on August 6, 1902, to Herman and Emma (Neu) Flegenheimer, who hailed from Gemany. With only his right-hand man to know the truth, Schultz had squirreled his fortune away. In February 1932, Coll was lured into a trap. The Mafias Five Families and the Irish Mob were their opponents. When police found the car an hour later, they discovered the body of a Louis Weinberg (no relation to Schultz gang members Abraham "Bo" Weinberg and George Weinberg) in the back seat. His wife called him the "Harlem Godfather," and for good reason. Kill The Dutchman. [3] (In her 1932 petition for U.S. citizenship, however, she wrote that her husband had died in 1910though it is unclear whether he died before or after the 1910 US Census. Berman was reportedly paid $10,000 a week (equivalent to $162,000 in 2021). In 1933, the authorities started taking notice of his illicit business and he was indicted on a tax charge. Allegedly, Dutch Schultzs last words were: Oh, oh, dog Biscuit, and when he is happy he doesnt get snappy. He was just 33. Trilogy. They gunned him down in a restaurant in Newark, N.J on October 23, 1935. During Schultz's tax trial (see below) he began to suspect that Martin was skimming from the shakedown operation; Schultz had recently discovered a $70,000 disparity in the books. Dutch Schultz was born Arthur Flegenheimer on August 6, 1902, in the Bronx section of New York City. He donated cash to local businesses, gave toys to sick children, and performed other charitable deeds. After returning to his hometown, he demanded to be called "Dutch Shultz" the nickname of a famous . The hit was carried out by Murder Inc members (Charles Workman and . On television, in the 1959 The Untouchables episodes "Vincent 'Mad Dog' Coll", "The Dutch Schultz Story" and "Jack 'Legs' Diamond", Schultz was played by Lawrence Dobkin. After Schultz disobeyed the Commission and attempted to carry out the hit himself, they ordered his murder in 1935. Schultz was permitted interment in the Roman Catholic Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, Westchester County, New York, but at the request of his Orthodox Jewish mother, Schultz's body was draped with a talit, a traditional Jewish prayer shawl. His hangdog face belied a cunning that propelled him to prominence in the murderous New York City underworld of the '20s and '30s. The mob, under Lucky Luciano, sent "Murder Inc." after Schultz. Dewey was a celebrated public figure, working with former New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to fight New York Citys large mafia presence as a Special Prosecutor. Mentioning the tangled nature of the narrative surrounding Schultzs legacy, he describes Dutch as an expert of misdirection, deception and falsehoods.The man himself would apparently have been happy to leave such a mess behind. His mother died in 1913, and the family moved to Brooklyn. Steve Zazulyk and Ryan Fazekas were the onscreen treasure seekers using personal connections to determine the whereabouts of the treasure. McManus was later cleared of the killing. His real name was Arthur Simon Flegenheimer. But allegedly his talk of killing a public figure made some of his fellow gangsters nervous, and they ordered a hit on Schultz instead, hiring members of the mob hit squad "Murder, Inc." to carry out the job. Much like his last words, the rumors of a buried treasure in upstate New York are fanciful notions put forth by an angry man who could never get past his inner demons. In 1933 he was acquitted of a charge of income-tax fraud; but, in hiding out for months prior to the trial, he had lost much of his business to his New York rivals. [1] Landau and Rosenkrantz refused to say anything to the police until Schultz had given them permission after he had arrived in the second ambulance. At the age of 17, he served a 17-month prison sentence for burglary. He died twenty hours later. Still, Schultz blamed Dewey for his legal woes and started to plan to get rid of his nemesis. After Workman had fled on foot, Landau finally collapsed onto a nearby trash can.[1]. Schultz was gunned down by two hitmen at the Palace Chop House in Newark, New Jersey on October 23, 1935, and died a day later without revealing the details of his highly valuable hidden treasure. With the case going to a second trial, Schultz quickly set about presenting himself to the townspeople of Malone as a country squire and good citizen. The Post covers the making of a 2020 PBS documentary, Secrets Of The Dead: Gangsters Gold. The doctor returned the money to the mobsters bedside, fearing he would owe the gangster a debt later in life. However, they were involved in smuggling liquor and beer into New York City from Canada. Known for being a fearsome crime boss, Ellsworth Raymond "Bumpy" Johnson ruled the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the mid-20th century. Using modern technology and decades of research, three groups of professional treasure hunters advance the nearly century-long search for Schultzs hidden treasure in the Catskills, searching for what remains of the infamous gangsters legacy. Arthur Flegenheimer, the son of a saloon-keeper, was born in New York on 6th August, 1902. Dutch Schultz's Missing Millions. After Schultz's death, it was discovered that he and his wife had never gone through an official marriage ceremony, and the possible existence of another wife emerged with the discovery of letters and pictures of another woman and children among his effects at the hotel where he was staying in Newark. It contained riches worth an estimated $150 million, or $7 million in those days. In it, a former lawyer of Dutch Schultz recalled a 2-by-3-foot steel box filled with diamonds, gold coins and $1,000 bills. Noe's wounds became infected and he died on November 21. After being jailed for desertion during World War I, Diamond went to . The Metropolitan Association then stepped in to arrange a settlement of the strike with a sweetheart contract for low wages contingent on the employer joining the Association. Afraid of being sent to jail by Prosecutor Dewey, Schultz had a special safe constructed and used it to hide cash and bonds worth $7 million. Shortly before his death, he gave a rambling statement to the authorities, but he never named his killer. The body of another Bronx associate of Schultz turned up. The site is now the parking lot. The murder of bootlegger Dutch Schultz. Dutch Schultz was born on August 6, 1901. The killers may have included Edward 'Fats' McCarthy and the brothers Bo and George Weinberg. It was as simple and undramatic as thatjust one quick motion of the hand. Next, check out 10 Famous Mob Hangouts in NYC. Possible but unlikely in his view: this is not scenic. In the late 1920s, Dutch Schultz created a bootlegging business and was a supplier of speakeasies all over New York. Dutch Schultz awaits a verdict. Schultz wore his pistol under his vest, tucked inside his pants, right against his belly. Somewhere among all of this chaos, there were rumors of buried treasure in the Catskill Mountains in upstate New York. During his relatively brief life, Schultz became a powerful figure in the New York crime world . When Dutch Schultz died after contracting an infection from a gunshot wound in 1935, he took his secrets to the grave. He was in a very bad way before the end and not everything he said was worth recording. Because, as Fazekas explains, the tendency in the thirties was to conserve precious film. In Schultzs box are believed to be diamonds, gold coins, gold-backed $1,000 bills, and uncashed bonds, in total worth $50 to $150 million dollars today. Witnesses were unwilling to testify against Schultz out of fear, resulting in his acquittal but Dewey, a successful lawyer and the future governor of New York, continued to pursue Schultz. Dutch Schultz did that murder just as casually as if he were picking his teeth. His criminal activities brought him into to contact with other notorious mobsters of the day including Lucky Luciano, Jack "Legs" Diamond . Dutch Schultz's income source is mostly from being a successful Actor. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The other gangsters in the area were forced to buy alcohol from him and he gave a tough time to his competitors. Born Arthur Flegenheimer, Schultz was the product of German Jewish parents. The gangster Dutch Schultz used it as a hideout during the 1930's. Another time it was used as a "Peace Haven" by the Royal Fraternity of Master Metaphysicians, which kept in the mansion an in . However, before that could happen, other gangsters who felt nervous about this move decided to kill Schultz instead. His first tax evasion trial, in Syracuse, ended in a hung jury, with many speculating he'd bribed the jurors. Not one to settle for mere lap dogs, Schultzs men were supposedly responsible for Diamonds untimely murder in 1931. The event so traumatized Schultz, that throughout his life he denied his father left the family. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dutch-Schultz, Bridgeport Library - Bridgeport History Center - Dutch Schultz. Very quickly the cash flow dried up, and Schultz was forced to back down, which permanently damaged the relationship between his gang and their associates. Flegenheimer/Schultz's mugshot, aged 18, was published in the 2010 book New York City Gangland. His business started deteriorating due to these trials. However, others think it was merely another . The actor Rutger Hauer speaks Schultz's part in a slow gravelly baritone. Born in the Bronx, Schultz took his alias from an old-time Bronx gangster and advanced from burglaries to bootlegging, ownership of breweries and speakeasies, and policy rackets . Dixie Davis related what happened next: Dutch Schultz was ugly; he had been drinking and suddenly he had his gun out. Schultz made plans to kill Dewey against the mafias orders, resulting in the governing body of the mafia hiring two Murder, Inc. hitmen to open fire on Schultz and his associates while they ate at the Palace Chop Restaurant in Newark, New Jersey on October 23, 1935. Judge Excoriates Jury Of Farmers. Workman and Weiss entered the back room of the restaurant, where they fired numerous times at the Schultz gang members. Flegenheimer was released on parole on December 8, 1920, and went back to work at Schultz Trucking. His first trial resulted in a hung jury, and he was acquitted in the second case. Bootlegging became highly profitable, and Schultz and his gang began an illegal beer business that threatened bar owners with violence if they did not buy from them. With Laurence Fishburne, Tim Roth, Vanessa Williams, Andy Garcia. The Esopus Creek in The Catskills in upstate New York where the PBS documentary goes searching for the Dutch Schultzs gold. When Rosenkrantz was taken into surgery, the surgeons were so incredulous that Rosenkrantz was still alive despite his blood loss and ballistic trauma that they were unsure of how to treat him. The strategy worked, as he was acquitted of tax evasion in late summer 1935. Diamonds turf was in Manhattan, so the mobster ordered a hit on Noe, Schultzs business partner and confidante, in October 1928. Landau's carotid artery was severed by a bullet passing through his neck, and Rosenkrantz was hit repeatedly at point-blank range. One jerk at his vest and he had it in his hand. He was shot once, below the heart in the bathroom of the Palace Chophouse restaurant but staggered out and sat at a table (not wanting to die in the bathroom). Dutch had a younger sister named Helen, born in 1904. His father abandoned the family when Schultz was in his early teens, and soon after, Schultz left school and started working odd jobs. You will have to please tell him, you got no case. He spent months hiding out before surrendering in November 1934. So far, so compelling. When he was 14 years old his father abandoned the family. [6], When Flegenheimer began working at a neighborhood night club owned by a small-time mobster, he started robbing craps games before turning to burglary. Initially the brothers refused to buy beer from Noe and Schultz, but eventually John, the elder brother, agreed to cooperate; however, his younger brother Joe refused. During his relatively brief life, Schultz became a powerful figure in the New York crime world, earning the nicknames "Beer Baron of the Bronx" and "The Dutchman." While Dutch Schultz was known as a gangster who actually . The Commission later voted unanimously against the proposal. [1], As Martin contorted on the floor, Schultz apologized to Davis for killing someone in front of him. The story of gangster and bootlegger Dutch Schultz, and his connection to Yonkers, continues to grow, 80 years after "The Dutchman" was gunned down in New Jersey steakhouse. Schultz was known . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.