A CD-RW allows you to read, write, erase and write again. The motherboard's main job is to hold the computer's microprocessor chip and let everything else connect to it. Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. power. Color laser printers are still fairly expensive. All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. Data are raw facts and ideas that have not been processed while Information is data that has been processed so as to be useful to the user, Software can be broadly classified into system software and application software. The data in that memory location is then returned to the CPU on via the data bus. for faster execution. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. A group of eight bits is called a byte. Secondary storage is necessary because memory, or primary storage, can be used only temporarily. Consequently, the primary role of tape today is as an inexpensive backup medium. (a) Supercomputers (b) Mainframe (c) Mini computer (d) Micro computer. more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. Each new track and new surface, however, would require movement of the access arms, a relatively slow mechanical process. Operating systems(OS) acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the computer user and manages the whole computer system. So the number "193" is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. Control lines are used to ensure that access to and use of the data and address buses by the different components of the system does not lead to conflict. It is used more like a ()hard drive than as ()RAM. Computers cannot do any useful work without instructions from software; thus a combination of software and hardware (the computer) is necessary to do any computerized work. companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its xH2Z@Qh>$p+![r5V28U<>hc`Ko3e7F^(CRz.]kA/()U&JxQ*r"?Da:)oW6LW8it^0!m OzDH I. i. Hexadecimal works in the same way as binary and decimal, but it uses sixteen digits instead of two or ten. 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. Consider the addition of decimal numbers: We begin by adding 3+8=11. Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). Because of their digital nature, a computer's electronics can easily manipulate numbers stored in binary by treating 1 as "on" and 0 as "off." This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. Almost as intuitive is the number 5: it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying [(2*2) +1], or 2^2+1. Tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium. The disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3. Intro to LC3, Low-level Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. Over 100's of millions have been sold, making it the de facto standard. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices It is usually necessary to scan some (but not all) of the preceding data. The form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the computer's case. WebBIT 1101 Computer Architecture complete lecture notes for first years and all - P. Box 342-01000 - Studocu. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually higher voltages around 12 volts). B. erased and reprogrammed. What happens when, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt? This change further decreased the size, heat output and the maintenance complexity of the computers while increasing its speed. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Central processing unit (CPU) or processor You might be tempted to record the data horizontally-to start with the first surface, fill track 000, then fill track 001, track 002, and so on, and then move to the second surface and again fill tracks 000, 001, 002, and so forth. Data thus saved can be restored to the hard disk later if needed. Optimization, Memory Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. details than what we will cover in the lecture. Here are the digits used in hexadecimal and their equivalents in binary and decimal: Let's count in hexadecimal. notes posted are a superset of what I will go over during Hard Drive: The first in the Windows series was Windows 3.11 and the latest being Windows Vista. Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. It is the smallest of the three computers. This means that the tracks on the outside are not storing data as efficiently. The supply reel, which has the tape with data on it or on which data will be recorded, is the reel that is changed. may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. changed. This method produces high density and faster access to data. DVD movies are made in two "codes." (c) Explain the use of registers in the CPU. The sector method is used for diskettes as well as disk packs. The processor has the following functions: It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory; It processes the data held in main memory; It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. They are referred to as binary digits i.e. @@TTA Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the Some of the other standards include: The socket for the microprocessor determines what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. The second We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. Looking at this in columns. A Bus is a set of parallel wires connecting two or more components in a computer. Used to put printed pictures and text into a computer. When a read/write head does accidentally touch the disk surface, this is called a head crash and all data is destroyed. The drive sells for around $80-$125. very low i. notes that you will be expected to read before class. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. In the sector method each track is divided into sectors that hold a specific number of characters. first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. o Number of components in computer per circuit (IC) greatly increased over peripherals can be attached to them. Diskettes and hard disks are magnetic media; that is, they are based on a technology of representing data as magnetized spots on the disk with a magnetized spot representing a 1 bit and the absence of such a spot representing a 0 bit. Furthermore, memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary. In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. ()Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. The CPU of a Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. 2022, Assignment 1. P. Box 342-01000 Thika Lecture Notes Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer System Architecture notes provide the student with the most updated notes on the subject and provide reference books that are up to the curriculum. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example. Thus, the answer is 71. Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is storage separate from the computer itself, where you can store software and data on a semi permanent basis. A. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. The 3-1/2 inch diskette has the protection of a hard plastic jacket, a size to fit conveniently in a shirt pocket or purse, and. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. Hexadecimal is more compact than binary but is still based on the digital nature of computers. Need sound recording WebThis presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of The program given below shows assembly language program to add two numbers A & B. Record the 0, carry the 1. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. Use to put just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. The notches we have marked as B, are used to align the memory module with the DIMM slot keys C, as shown in Fig 1.3. 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: This is mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media (CD ROM) etc. infrequent operation - most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. computational machines. Introduction to Computer and its components There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. a lithium battery. modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. The video recorder A rule of thumb among computer professionals is to estimate disk needs generously and then double that amount. size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. The transistor is GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ .+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. Two reels are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel. As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). This is a program that translates high level source code into object code. Thus, our number is 1001011. programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by We know that: and so on. The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: The cycle (input -processing -output) would not be possible without a holding place for the instructions and data that the processors (CPU) can easily reach. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. contains materials that are frequently examined. give the user output Cache memory Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of The technology works like this: A laser hits a layer of metallic material spread over the surface of a disk. An input device lets you communicate with a computer. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. A way to organize data on a disk pack is the cylinder method. for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. This generation marked the origin of mini computers in use today. Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price WebCS8491 Computer Architecture Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) CS8491 Computer Architecture .Pdf DOWNLOAD(Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a single file Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Internal hardware of a computer. (Photo openphoto.net. Used with permission.) Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). and that this is equivalent to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). Knowledge Network of Toyota. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! It controls and monitors the running of application programs. For many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery. In assembly language mnemonic codes are used to develop program for problem solving. The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) plays two roles. of Maryland. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of Obviously this is much more useful than a regular PROM, but it does require the erasing light. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative When you hear reference to a "flash BIOS" or doing a BIOS upgrade by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special software program. vdu controller. programs. seconds. analogous to a commercial software CD-ROM that you purchase in a store. The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. III. For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. A motherboard allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another. A graphical user interface (GUI) allows the user to interact with the system using Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers to control the operating system. capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. Research shows that the trend in computer technology revolution is that there is; A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce the required results faster than human beings. The code written by the programmer is called the source code and the compiled code is called the object code. Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming class hierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder WebLecture #4-5: Computer Hardware (Overview and CPUs) CS106E Spring 2018, Young In these lectures, we begin our three-lecture exploration of Computer Hardware. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this digital computers. They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD ROM): CD ROMs are read only storage medium. As we have already noted, magnetic tape is used primarily for backup purposes. CHAPTER 2: BASIC HARDWARE UNITS OF A COMPUTER 14, CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)/PROCESSOR: 16, HOW INFORMATION IS STORED IN COMPUTERS 21, CHAPTER FIVE: INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS 39, THIRD GENERATION HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 43, CHAPTER EIGHT: DISKS AND SECONDARY STORAGE 55, CHAPTER NINE: HOW TO UPGRADE A SLOW COMPUTER 67, CHAPTER TEN: INTRODUCTION TO BINARY NUMBERS 70, BASIC CONCEPTS BEHIND THE BINARY SYSTEM 71, ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY 77. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of. Since Assembly language is machine dependent each type of computer has its own assembler. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, Information is stored in computers in the form of bits. There are different types of disk packs, with the number of platters varying by model. huge in size and occupy a room. Following this, the changes were The first column we fill is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1. Two's column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. You should also dynamic data structures in C, Instructions They used magnetic tape. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. Web2 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). % i.e., the programs were machine dependent. Let's try the number D=55. However, this is not the only approach possible. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. for using the C to LC3 Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. First machine in this Programming and problem (2mks) (b). They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the A hard disk is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data. Storage capacity was very low i.e. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , 2 0 obj drive. implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code. Number WebCS385 Computer Architecture, Lecture 1 Reading: Patterson & Hennessy - Chapter 1 Topics: Introduction, Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. A. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. Can hold up to 700MB of information. general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. The fact that a disk is circular presents a problem: The distances around the tracks on the outside of the disk are greater than that of the tracks or the inside. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, The third generation of computers used called analytical engine which was the vase for the modern digital computer. once. It Converts an time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10's column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the one's column of the sum. to read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to class. multiple processor system with parallel processing. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used product problem - assembly code, Introduction The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. Fault Diagnosis typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). reliable and expensive than micro computers. In some disk drives the access arms can be retracted; then the disk pack can be removed from the drive. WebComputer Architecture Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. They are used to enter to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time Disk, Virtual Memory, An easy to use digital logic design simulator is available. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. Input Devices contains materials that are frequently examined. Micro computers Recording the data vertically, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement. The diagram above shows how the units interact with each other in the processing of data. data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of A key advantage of a tape backup system is that it can copy the entire hard disk in minutes, saving you the trouble of swapping diskettes in and out of the machine. advancement in computer architecture to current technologies AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. must begin on a clock pulse, although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete. In decimal form, 1+1=2. A program must tell the computer each of a set of tasks to perform, in a framework of logic, such that the computer knows exactly what to do and when to do it. The programs written in assembly language are also machine dependent. The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. j!)+v%""s!-+ 2MYI9RVgJm +9 vy?nW?n%}GQdd Ny= z-I9GZI3)hKrhIY$W. Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. These two "bridges" connect the CPU to other parts of the computer. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. Years later, we learned that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that. ii. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by the manufacturer. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way ()by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses ()addresses in memory. They are can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually talking about no image at all on the screen. In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. Mainframe computers The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. C. The motherboard; form factor, sockets and slots This is Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance Here is a link to some online notes that I found to be well It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. Minicomputers In effect, a removable cartridge is as portable as a diskette, but the disk cartridge holds much more data. It For example, the textbook The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. with the ISA. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard 2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. Icons represent programs, groups of programs, folders, devices and files. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. Digital Computers: Digital computers are mainly general purpose computers that It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111.